Svetlana Velmar-Janković

In computing, a shell builtin is a command or a function, exposed by a shell, that is implemented in the shell itself, instead of an external program which the shell would load and execute.^[1][2][3][4]

A shell builtin starts faster than an external program because there is no program loading overhead. However, its implementation code is in the shell program, and thus modifying it requires modifying the shell. Therefore, a shell builtin is usually only used for simple, almost trivial, commands, such as text output.

Some commands must be implemented as builtins due to the nature of the operating system. Notably, the cd command, which changes the working directory of the shell is often a builtin since a program runs in a separate process and working directory is specific to each process. Running cd as an external program would not affect the working directory of the shell that loaded it.^[5]

• BusyBox – Collection of Unix tools in single executable file
• Internal DOS command

• List of special shell builtin commands
• List of MS-DOS internal commands