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Svetlana Velmar-Janković
Henriette of Cleves | |
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| suo jure Duchess of Nevers suo jure Countess, then Duchess of Rethel Princess of Mantua | |
 Portrait of Henriette of Cleves painted by François Clouet on an unknown date | |
| Born | 31 October 1542 La Chapelle-d'Angillon, Cher, France |
| Died | 24 June 1601 (aged 58) Hôtel de Nevers, Paris, France |
| Buried | Nevers Cathedral |
| Noble family | La Marck |
| Spouse(s) | Louis of Gonzaga |
| Issue | Catherine, Duchess of Longueville Marie Henriette, Duchess of Mayenne Frederic Gonzaga Francois Gonzaga Charles I, Duke of Mantua |
| Father | Francis I of Cleves, 1st Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel |
| Mother | Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche |
Henriette de La Marck (31 October 1542 – 24 June 1601), also known as Henriette of Cleves, was a French noblewoman and courtier. She was the 4th Duchess of Nevers, suo jure Countess of Rethel, and Princess of Mantua by her marriage with Louis I of Gonzaga-Nevers. A very talented landowner, she was one of France's chief creditors until her death.
Early life
Henriette was born in La Chapelle-d'Angillon, in the department of Cher, France, on 31 October 1542. She was the eldest daughter and second child of Francis I of Cleves, 1st Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel, and his wife, Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche.[1] Dauphin Henry (future King Henry II of France) acted as her godfather at her baptism. She had many siblings, including her brothers Francis and James, her father's heirs as rulers of Nevers and Rethel, Henri (who died young), Catherine, and Marie.
Henriette soon obtained an office at court as the lady-in-waiting of Queen Catherine de' Medici.[2] She became the intimate personal friend and confidant of Princess Marguerite. On 4 March 1565, 22-year-old Henriette married Louis I Gonzaga, Prince of Mantua in Moulins, Bourbonnais.[1][3]
Duchess of Nevers and Rethel
After her eldest brother Francis had died in 1562 and brother James in 1564 without leaving heirs, Henriette became the suo jure 4th Duchess of Nevers and Countess of Rethel. She had been left with enormous debts from her late father and brothers, but managed her lands well and brought the financial situation back in order. Her profits were such that she eventually became one of the chief creditors of France[4]'s unstable state during the Wars of Religion.
Henriette died at the Hôtel de Nevers in Paris, on 24 June 1601 at the age of 58. She was buried in Nevers Cathedral at the side of her husband, who had preceded her in death in 1595.
Issue
- Catherine de Nevers (21 January 1568 - 1 December 1629): Married Henry I, Duke of Longueville,[1] by whom she had one son, Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville.
- Maria Henrietta (3 September 1571 - 3 August 1601): Married Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne.[1]
- Frederick (11 March 1573 - 22 April 1574): Died in infancy.
- Francis (17 September 1576 - 13 June 1580): Died in childhood.
- Charles (6 May 1580- 20 September 1637): Succeeded his parents as Duke of Nevers, Rethel, Mantua, and Montferrat. Married Catherine Mayenne,[1] daughter of Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne and Henriette of Savoy, Marquise of Villars, by whom he had six children, including Charles II Gonzaga and Anna Gonzaga.
Rumours
It was rumoured that Henriette became lovers with Annibal de Coconas, a Piedmontese adventurer who was beheaded in 1574, along with Joseph Boniface de La Môle, for participating in a conspiracy against King Charles IX which was supported by the Duke of Alençon.[2] It was alleged that she and Marguerite (now Queen of Navarre) woke up the middle of the night, removed the heads which had been placed on public display, embalmed them, and buried them in consecrated ground.[5]
The Nevers Foundation for Sixty Poor Girls
Henriette and Louis de Gonzaga, on 13 November 1573, proclaimed the establishment of their charity for poor girls in their rural domain of Nevers.[6]
Sixty chosen poor girls, in return for promising to live ‘a good Christian life” and pray regularly for the souls of their benefactors, received a dowry of 16 écus 40 sols, a silver wedding ring and, if their intended was without employment, a job found so he could support his new wife and family.[7]
Upon the death of Henriette in 1601, the Parlement of Paris gave administrative responsibility for the foundation to the governors of Paris’ charity hospital, the Hotel-Dieu. From the extant documents, the foundation continued into the eighteenth century, over 200 years after it was established and potentially 1,200 poor girls benefited.[8]
In fiction
- Henriette of Cleves is a character in the book La Reine Margot by Alexandre Dumas.
- Henriette of Cleves, played by Dominique Blanc, has an important role in the movie La Reine Margot.
Ancestry
References
- ^ a b c d e Boltanski 2006, p. 501.
- ^ a b Elliott 2012, p. 169.
- ^ Carroll, Stuart. Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press. 2009, p. 196
- ^ Commire & Klezmer 2000, p. 223.
- ^ Strage 1976, p. 187-188.
- ^ The 1605 document was published following a reform of the foundation after discovering fraudulent behaviour by the administrators. Administration was transferred to the governors of Paris’ Hôtel-Dieu. Archives de l’Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôtel-Dieu, liasse 1397–1411, côté 6349, La Fondation faicte par Mes-seigneur et Dame, les Duc, et Duchesse de Nivernois et de Rethelois: Princes de Manthouë, &c., Pairs de France. Pour marier d’orsenavant par chacun an à perpetuité, en leurs terres et Seigneuries, jusques au nombre de soixante pauvres filles, destituées de toutes facultez et moyen. Bien heureux est celui qui entend au pauvre et indigent: car Dieu le delivrera en la perilleuse journée. Pseaume 40. L’An MDCV, (1605). A 1717 version is available for download via BnF Gallica, gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9603027v#.
- ^ For more detail on how the foundation functioned, see Elliott, ‘Charitable ‘intent’ in Late Sixteenth-Century France’, pp. 177-181; Marie Rigaudeau, ‘Les Filles-Madame: Une fondation charitable pour doter les filles pauvres dans les Ardennes (fin XVIe-XVIIIe siècle)’, October 2023.
- ^ Rigaudeau, ‘Les Filles-Madame’.
Sources
- Boltanski, Ariane (2006). Les ducs de Nevers et l'État royal: genèse d'un compromis (ca 1550 - ca 1600) (in French). Librairie Droz.
- Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah, eds. (2000). Women in World History: Harr-I. Yorkin Publications.
- Elliott, Lisa Keane (2012). "Charitable Intent in Late Sixteenth Century France: The Nevers Foundation and Single Poor Catholic Girls". In Scott, Anne M. (ed.). Experiences of Poverty in Late Medieval and Early Modern England and France. Routledge.
- Strage, Mark (1976). Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 9780151983704.
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