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Muhammad Yunus
The term "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization.[1][2] The concept resembles that of a cartel party.[2] In a presidential republic, the party of power typically forms a legislative block that backs the executive. The concept has been commonly applied to post-Soviet political parties. Claims have been made[by whom?] that United Russia, the New Azerbaijan Party, Kazakhstan's Amanat,[2] the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan[3] and Georgian Dream (from 2013) are parties of power. Parties that have been considered as parties of power in the past include the Union of Citizens of Georgia (until 2003), the Georgia's United National Movement (until 2013)[4] and the Republican Party of Armenia (until 2018).
Parties of power are typically described[by whom?] as having a hierarchical top-down structure, being centralised, organised in clientelistic networks, lacking a defined or coherent ideology and playing a subordinate role towards the bureaucracy.[5] They have been created by the state as a method to assist in the political interests of the executive branch but while also being reliant on the state to manipulate election outcomes.[6]
The use of the concept and of the term "party of power" has been criticized, including by those who claim that, strictly speaking, United Russia and Amanat do not possess or exercise power themselves. It is not the parties that make decisions and policies in the last resort. The term "parties of power" may therefore be regarded as misleading.[2][need quotation to verify]
Russian parties of power
In the Russian language, the term "party of power" is used to describe the party which advocates the current head of state, the party which belongs to/is controlled by the current government or the party established by the current highest official in the state. The terms "ruling party" and "party of power" can be considered as antonyms, because a party of power will be established after a presidential election to support the winner and not the reverse. The party has the same ideology as the president or prime minister. A party which supports the current president without difficulty wins parliamentary elections. After the party leader loses a presidential election, a party of power without coherent ideology, as a rule, ceases to exist.[citation needed]
List of Russian parties of power
These parties were specially established for support of the incumbent president or prime minister in the Russian parliament:
- Inter-regional Deputies Group/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
- Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–1994)[7]
- Our Home – Russia (1995–1999, so called "centre-right party of power")[7]
- Unity (1999–2001/2003)[7]
- A Just Russia (the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
- United Russia (2001–present)[7]
Examples
Current parties of power
Azerbaijan – New Azerbaijan Party[7]
Belarus – Belaya Rus (Registered as a political party in 2023)
Egypt – Nation's Future Party
Georgia – Georgian Dream (Since 2013)
Kazakhstan – Amanat[7]
Russia – United Russia[7]
Tajikistan – People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan[7]
Transnistria[a] – Obnovlenie (Since 2016)
Turkmenistan – Democratic Party of Turkmenistan[7]
Former parties of power
Armenia – Republican Party of Armenia (From 1999 to 2018).[7]
Artsakh[a] – Free Motherland and Democratic Party of Artsakh (From 2005 to 2023)[8]
Georgia – Union of Citizens of Georgia (From 1995 to 2003)[7]- Georgia – United National Movement (From 2003 to 2013)
Kyrgyzstan – Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (mid-1990s; noted to lack the meaningful organisation)[9]- Kyrgyzstan – Union of Democratic Forces (From 2000 to 2003; noted to lack the meaningful organisation)[10]
- Kyrgyzstan – Forward Kyrgyzstan Party (From 2003 to 2005; noted to lack the meaningful organisation)[10]
- Kyrgyzstan – Ak Jol (From 2007 to 2010)[11][12]
- Kyrgyzstan – Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan/Birimdik (From 2010 to 2020)[13][14]
Pakistan – Convention Muslim League (From 1962 to 1969)- Pakistan – Pakistan Muslim League (J) (From 1986 to 1988)
- Pakistan – Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (From 2002 to 2008)
South Ossetia[a] – Unity Party (2003 to 2011; disputed[15] but modeled after United Russia[16])
Ukraine – People's Democratic Party/For United Ukraine! and Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (From 1996 to 2004)[17][18]
Uzbekistan – People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (From 1991 to 2003; replaced by a more pluralist party system)[7]
See also
Notes
References
- ^
Compare:
Isaacs, Rico (21 March 2011). Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Central Asian Studies. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2011). ISBN 9781136791079. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
A central principle behind the party of power is a party's relationship with the state (Knox et al., 2006). Parties of power have a close relationship with the executive branch which is seen to co-opt parties of power for their own political purposes (Hale, 2004). Thus, parties of power are an extension of the executive where the party 'is the actual group whose members wield power in and through the executive branch of government' (Oversloot and Verheul, 2006: 394).
- ^ a b c d Isaacs, Rico (2011). Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Routledge. p. 38.
- ^ Herron (2009). Elections and Democracy After Communism?. p. 87.
- ^ Baader, Max (2013). "Party politics in Georgia and Ukraine and the failure of Western assistance". Promoting Party Politics in Emerging Democracies. Routledge. p. 26.
- ^ Gel'man, Vladimir (2013). Party Politics in Russia. pp. 42–44.
- ^ Nicklaus Laverty (2015) The “party of power” as a type, East European Politics, 31:1, 71-87, DOI: 10.1080/21599165.2014.983088
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Taras Kuzio (2005). "Regime type and politics in Ukraine under Kuchma". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 38 (2): 177. JSTOR 48609535.
- ^ Emil Sanamyan (May 22, 2020). "Arayik Harutyunyan Sworn in as Artsakh President". Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.
- ^ John Anderson (2011). Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy?. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-134-41330-0.
- ^ a b Masaaki Higashijima (2022). "From Electoral Manipulation to Autocratic Breakdown: Akaev's Kyrgyzstan". The Dictator's Dilemma at the Ballot Box: Electoral Manipulation, Economic Maneuvering, and Political Order in Autocracies. University of Michigan Press. pp. 234–235. doi:10.3998/mpub.11978139. ISBN 978-0-472-07531-7. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.11978139.15?seq=7.
- ^ Kevin Koehler (2009). The Dictator's Dilemma at the Ballot Box: Electoral Manipulation, Economic Maneuvering, and Political Order in Autocracies (PDF). p. 17.
- ^ Shairbek Juraev (2012). "Is Kyrgyzstan's New Political System Sustainable?" (PDF). PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo (210): 2.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan". Freedom House. 2018.
- ^ Colleen Wood (30 September 2020). "Kyrgyzstan Could Ultimately Vote 'Against All' in the Parliamentary Polls". The Diplomat.
- ^ Alexander Skakov (2011). "South Ossetia: Aftermath and Outlook" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-06-04. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
- ^ Christian Weisflog (2 June 2009). "«Russische Wahl» in Südossetien". Aargauer Zeitung (in Swiss High German).
- ^ "Ukraine: New Party of Power". Monitor. 5 (93). May 13, 1999.
- ^ Andrey A. Meleshevych (2010). "Political Parties in Ukraine: Learning Democratic Accountability?". Post-Soviet and Asian Political Parties. Political Parties and Democracy. Vol. III. Praeger. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-275-98706-0.
Literature
- Del Sordi, Adele (2011), Parties of power as authoritarian institutions: The cases of Russia and Kazakhstan, Spanish Political Science Association (AECPA)
- Gel′man, Vladimir (2013). "Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy". Power and Politics in Putin's Russia. Routledge. pp. 35–52.
- Herron, Erik S. (2009). Elections and Democracy After Communism?. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Oversloot, Hans; Verheul, Ruben (2013), "Managing Democracy: Political Parties and the State in Russia", Political Parties and the State in Post-Communist Europe, Routledge
- Remington, Thomas (2013). "Patronage and the Party of Power: President-Parliament Relations under Vladimir Putin". Power and Politics in Putin's Russia. Routledge. pp. 81–110.