Mohammed ibn Kiran

Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions
Part of the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I
Japanese Warships traveling the ocean.
Date 29 September – 21 October 1914 Location German New Guinea, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau Islands, Caroline Islands Result Japanese victory Territorial changes Japanese occupation of Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau Islands, Caroline Islands
Belligerents
Japan	German Empire  German New Guinea
Commanders and leaders
Matsumura Tatsuo Yamaya Tanin	Albert Hahl
Strength
2 Naval detachments "Nankenshitai"	German colonial officers with only small police forces of local Pacific islanders defending.

Japan entered World War I in 1914 with the strategic objective of expanding its influence in the Pacific region by seizing German-controlled colonies.^[1] As a member of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japan aligned itself with France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. In October 1914, the Japanese sent vessels to occupy German-held territories in the Pacific. This included the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau, and Caroline Islands.^[2] These islands were of significant strategic value and would play important roles during World War II as military bases and logistical hubs.

Japan's decision to join the war was heavily influenced by its alliance with the British Empire. Established in 1902, Japan was obligated to assist the Allied forces by securing their interests in Asia. Seizing the opportunity to expand its imperial reach, Japan declared war on Germany on August 23, 1914. Shortly thereafter, on August 27, Japanese forces launched attacks German colonies in China. ^[3] The most notable battle being the Siege of Tsingtao which took place in the Shandong Peninsula. Japan's involvement in World War 1 allowed it to assert its dominance in East Asia and the Pacific. Laying down the ground work for its growing imperial ambitions in the decades to follow.

Japanese aggression

During World War I, Japan was in an alliance with Britain and decided to go to war with Germany. Japan started to besiege German possessions in China at first. Japan then sent the Imperial Japanese Navy out to the Pacific islands held by the Germans.^[4] The British however were annoyed by the Japanese aggression in the Pacific as they told them not to attack them.^[5]

German defenses

Germany did not plan on defending the islands, since they did not think that they would be attacked. When the Japanese invaded the islands, German officers, police and locals would have small clashes which did not stop the Japanese invading the islands.^[6] One example of resistance was on the Micronesian island of Ponape, where a District Officer, two Polizeitruppe NCOs and 50 Melanesian Polizeitruppe who retreated into the forests.^[7] Another example was when the crew of the SMS Planet tried scuttling the vessel at the entrance of the harbor on Yap attempting to stop Japanese ships from getting in.^[8] A third example was when a sergeant on the island of Saipan rebelled against the Japanese marines that were landing by rallying the local police force and resist them on the beach.^[9]

The navy minister told Japanese commanders not to occupy any islands. Tanin Yamaya disobeyed the order and occupied Jaluit Atoll on September 29. The navy ministers told him to reverse the military occupation of the island but changed their mind after seeing that the islands were otherwise unoccupied. The island was later reoccupied on October 3. After that on Oct. 5, Japan would occupy Kosrae. The Japanese then proceeded to occupy the other islands as the United Kingdom didn't react. Ponape in the Caroline's was captured on Oct. 7, although the territory's surrender was delayed a few days due to a small local defence force that hid in the island's interior to mount a resistance. They later realized their situation was hopeless and gave up. The Caroline islands of Yap also fell on October 7 and the only tensions there were the shelling, destruction of the wireless station and the scuttling of the SMS Planet,^[10] followed by the occupation of Koror on October 8, Angaur on Oct. 9. Truk Atoll was captured on Oct. 12, Saipan on October 14 while encountering minuscule resistance, and Rota October, 21st. In less than a month all of German New Guinea's islands were occupied by Japan beside Nauru.^[2]

After occupation

After the Japanese had occupied the German islands, they were not faced with any rebellion of some sort.^[11] The occupation of Japan saw two groups: pro-Japanese sentiment and anti-Japanese sentiment. The pro-Japanese sentiment stemmed from Japan's Japanisation policy towards islanders, which was implemented to assimilate islanders. The anti-Japanese sentiment stemmed from the cruel treatment of the islanders during the Pacific War and the feeling that they were sacrificed to the United States because they were a territory of Japan. This led to the call for reparations from Japan.^[12]

South Seas Mandate

Following the initial Japanese occupation of the islands, a policy of secrecy was adopted. Japan made it plain that it did not welcome the entry of foreign ships into Micronesian waters, even those of its wartime allies. This was known as the South Seas Mandate.^[13]