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    Jesse Ventura

    "Greater Bay Area" redirects here. For other uses, see Bay Area (disambiguation).
    Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area
    Region
    Detailed map of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area
    Detailed map of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area
    CountryChina
    Cities
    SAR
    Area
     • Total
    		55,800 km2 (21,500 sq mi)
    Population
     • Total
    		86,100,000
    Demographics
     • Languages
    GDP
    [1]
     • TotalCN¥ 13.0 trillion
    US$ 1.9 trillion (nominal)
     • Per capitaCN¥ 150,600
    US$ 22,400 (nominal)
    Time zoneUTC+08:00 (CST, HKT, MST)
    Websitecnbayarea.org.cn
    bayarea.gov.hk
    dsec.gov.mo

    The Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area,[2][a] commonly referred to as the Greater Bay Area (GBA), is a megalopolis, consisting of nine cities and two special administrative regions in South China. It is envisioned by Chinese government planners as an integrated economic area aimed at taking a leading role globally by 2035.[3][4]

    It is the largest and most populated urban area in the world.[5] The GBA—with a total population of approximately 86 million people—includes nine mega cities of Guangdong province: Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Huizhou, and Zhaoqing as well as two special administrative regions, Hong Kong, and Macao (Macau). Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen have been described among the world's 50 "superstar cities".[6] Surrounding the Pearl River Delta with a total area of 56,000 km2 (comparable in size to Croatia), it is the largest and the richest economic region in South China.

    The GBA's combined regional GDP was RMB¥13 trillion (US$1.8 trillion) in 2022, which was equivalent to over 10 percent of GDP for all of China. As one of China's most vibrant and important regions, the GBA has the highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the country and houses a majority of China's most innovative technology companies, such as Huawei, ZTE, DJI, BYD, GAC Group, and Tencent (parent company of WeChat). GBA has a rich ecosystem of startups, incubators, and accelerators in the fields of agile tech, biotech, medical tech, and innovation. For these reasons, many experts consider the region an emerging Silicon Valley of Asia.[7] Given traditional divisions between the provincial and municipal governments and business elites, there are some opinions that the ambitious idea behind the GBA might be difficult to implement.[8]

    Definition

    The "Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area" is sometimes confused with the area of the Pearl River Delta, which is a term coined in 1947 referring to a smaller area.[9] In the early 2000s, Chinese scholars began using the term “Greater Pearl River Delta” (GPRD) which described the 9 + 2 city agglomeration that encompassed post-handover Hong Kong and Macao, conceptualized as a series of lesser cities as industrial nodes with specialist functions clustering around two prominent cores – Guangzhou and Shenzhen. In 2003, the province advocated the idea of “Pan-PRD” as an even more extensive regional construct that comprised nine neighboring provinces to promote economic cooperation.[10] A somewhat similar idea is later mentioned in the English version of China's 13th Five-Year Plan, taking the Pearl River Delta and including the larger province of Guangdong.[11] On 1 July 2017, the "Framework Agreement on Deepening Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Cooperation in the Development of the Bay Area" (深化粵港澳合作 推進大灣區建設框架協議) was signed in Hong Kong.[12]

    History

    The Greater Bay Area has been influenced by its coastal location for centuries. The first known ships from the area are believed to have been constructed by the people of the Nanyue Kingdom (204–112 BCE), who employed them for cultural and economic exchanges with countries as far as present-day Vietnam. After the takeover of the Han Dynasty, trading relations expanded beyond to reach Sri Lanka. During the subsequent period of the Three Kingdoms, these trade routes were consolidated. Trade and cultural exchanges grew. Among this, the port of Guangzhou played a major role for the region's trade and cultural exchanges for over two thousand years. Established under the Kingdom of Wu during the period of the Three Kingdoms (222–280 CE), it eventually grew to become the starting point of the ancient maritime silk road during the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 CE). By the fourth century CE, communities of foreign merchants began establishing themselves in the city.[13]

    Since the first foreign merchants have established themselves in Guangdong, the whole GBA region's importance for global trade has only increased. When Macao became a Portuguese colony in the mid-1550s, it represented one of the first trading ports in the Far East. It was later joined by Guangzhou, whose port was the only one remaining open for foreign trade during the closure of the country under the Qing. The Opium Wars brought Hong Kong under British control and forced the opening of other ports in the region. While their respective economic importance was subject to fluctuations later on, the establishment of special economic zones should begin to drive their economic importance anew.[14]

    Guangzhou, the provincial capital of Guangdong province, attracted the first U.S. investments such as Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Pepsi in 1990s and to date is the most concentrated area of U.S.-financed enterprises which have invested in southern China.[15]

    On 18 February 2019, the Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area was adopted. The ambitious goal foresees a linkage of the nine cities in Guangdong province's Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong and Macau into an integrated economy and world-class business hub.[16] In addition, it is expected to play a key role in Belt and Road Initiative by connecting southern China with the countries along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.[17]

    Geography

    The GBA is located in the southern coastal area of China, consisting of nine cities, or around 30% of the land mass, of the province of Guangdong, plus the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao.[18] Its climate ranges from humid subtropical to tropical climate in the far south. There are a few mountain ranges collectively called the Nanling as well as a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula.

    Mountain ranges and peninsulas shape the GBA. The province of Guangdong, for instance, possesses a coastline of 4,114 km (2,556 mi) due to the multiplicity of islands, bays and peninsulas. This multiplicity of small islands results from the Pearl River Delta, which is the convergent point of the East, North and West Rivers. The network of bays and rivers has contributed to the archipelagic nature of many cities within the GBA. The cities of Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Hong Kong, and Macao for instance "each possess constituent and distinctly islanded territorial niches that are focused on particular industrial areas."[19]

    The entire area has temperate springs (March to May), hot and wet summers (June to August), clear and cool autumns (September to November), and mild, rainy winters (December to February). The annual average temperature of Guangdong Province is around 22.3 °C (72.1 °F), with the average temperature of 16–19 °C (61–66 °F) in January and 28–29 °C (82–84 °F) in July. However, the highest temperature in summer goes more than 35 °C (95 °F) and the lowest can be lower than 10 °C (50 °F). Temperatures in Hong Kong and Macao are nearly the same, with the annual average temperature around 23 °C (73 °F), a little higher due to their location more to the south and closer to the equator. GBA receives abundant amount of precipitation throughout the year.

    In 2019, GBA has a total population of approximately 86.17 million people (5% of China's total population).[5] The population is expected to reach 100 million people by 2030.[citation needed]

    Cities Urban
    area pop.[20]    		 District
    area pop.[20]    		 Administrative
    area pop.[20]    		 Census date
    Guangzhou 10,641,408 14,904,400 14,904,400 2020-11-01
    Shenzhen 12,356,820 12,356,820 12,356,820 2020-11-01
    Dongguan 8,396,820 8,396,820 8,396,820 2019-11-01
    Hong Kong 7,515,489 7,515,489 7,515,489 2020-06-30
    Foshan 7,348,581 7,348,581 9,498,863 2020-11-01
    Zhongshan 2,913,974 3,121,275 3,121,275 2020-11-01
    Huizhou 1,807,858 2,344,634 4,598,402 2010-11-01
    Jiangmen 1,480,023 1,822,614 4,450,703 2010-11-01
    Zhuhai 1,369,538 1,759,000 1,759,000 2020-11-01
    Zhaoqing 784,642 1,397,152 3,916,467 2010-11-01
    Macau 652,032 652,032 652,032 2020-08-12[21]
    Total 50,850,140 56,350,214 65,901,668

    Demographics

    Languages

    The Ministry of Education (MOE) held a press conference on June 2, 2021, to disclose the "Report on the Language Life Situation in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Greater Bay Area (2021)". The report, which was compiled by the National Language Service and Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area Language Research Center under the auspices of the State Language Commission, together with a team from Guangzhou University, summarizes the state of language life in the region, and proposes recommendations for the construction of the language and writing environment and language services on the basis of the report.[22]

    Economy

    City Area km2 Population (2020) GDP (LCU)[1] GDP (US$)
    Shenzhen 1,986 17,560,000 CN¥ 3,239 billion US$482.0 billion
    Guangzhou 7,434 18,676,605 CN¥ 2,884 billion US$429.0 billion
    Hong Kong 1,114 7,413,070 HK$2,873 billion US$368.4 billion
    Foshan 3,848 9,498,863 CN¥ 1,270 billion US$189.0 billion
    Dongguan 2,465 10,466,625 CN¥ 1,120 billion US$167.0 billion
    Huizhou 10,922 6,042,852 CN¥ 540 billion US$78.6 billion
    Zhuhai 1,724 2,439,585 CN¥ 405 billion US$61.4 billion
    Jiangmen 9,535 4,798,090 CN¥ 321 billion US$46.4 billion
    Zhongshan 1,784 4,418,060 CN¥ 316 billion US$45.7 billion
    Zhaoqing 14,891 4,113,594 CN¥ 232 billion US$35.3 billion
    Macau 115 672,800 MOP$188 billion US$23.4 billion
    Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau
    Greater Bay Area    		 55,818 86,100,000 CN¥ 12.967 trillion US$1.925 trillion

    The Greater Bay Area is a critical export hub, accounting for 37% of China's exports,[23] driven by the large airports and railway stations of a well-connected transportation system. GBA hosts three of the world's top ten container ports and five international airports in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Macau and Zhuhai.[24] These airports account for an air freight traffic bigger than San Francisco, New York, and Tokyo combined.

    The GBA is an economic powerhouse. Its combined regional GDP was RMB¥13 trillion (US$1.8 trillion) in 2022, which is equivalent to over 10 percent of GDP for all of China.[25] If the GBA were its own country, it would rank as the 12th biggest economy globally (almost equal to South Korea's and bigger than Australia's economy). GDP growth of GBA was 4.4 per cent in 2019, and GDP is expected to reach US$4 trillion by 2030, which would lead the GBA's GDP to overtake that of Germany in 2019.[26]

    The GBA maintains a strong industrial base that underpins its economic development. Its economy is driven by a range of traditional and advanced manufacturing sectors, including wood and plastics processing, textiles, electronics, food production, construction, automotive and aerospace industries, medical technology, and information technology, including software and hardware development.[27] The Outline Development Plan aims to establish industrial clusters focused on advanced equipment manufacturing in Zhuhai and Foshan, and high-end manufacturing in Shenzhen and Dongguan, building on the region's existing manufacturing base.[16]

    The region has a diverse economic outlook with industrial development zones in all eleven cities, covering emerging industries, R&D and high-end sectors,[28] notably the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, hydrogen technologies, new mobility, and cleantech. Healthcare is another rapidly growing sector in the Greater Bay Area.[28] The Guangzhou International Bio-Technology Island (formerly known as Dove Island) located in Huangpu district, Guangzhou is a biotech industrial zone in the region.

    Seeking to attract foreign investors, the government published Opinions Concerning Financial Support for the Establishment of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in 2020, which envisaged gradual financial liberalization.[29] The People's Bank of China has introduced new measures aimed at liberalizing China's controls on foreign exchange and foreign currency remittance.[30]

    22 companies from the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) make their mark on the 2024 Fortune Global 500 list, including 17 from Guangdong and 5 from Hong Kong.[31]

    Outline Development Plan

    The Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, released by the Chinese central government in February 2019, outlines the integration of nine cities in Guangdong's Pearl River Delta with Hong Kong and Macau into a unified economic region. The plan sets milestones aimed at establishing the Greater Bay Area as a globally competitive business hub by 2022, with further development into an international first-class bay area by 2035, emphasizing reform, innovation, connectivity, and environmental sustainability.[18]

    The plan includes major infrastructure initiatives such as the development of an international airport cluster, inter-city high-speed rail, and expressways, including the construction of two new bridges across the Pearl River Delta. In response to environmental concerns, the plan also emphasizes ecological conservation and the promotion of green and low-carbon development models. The overarching goal is to transform the GBA into a service-oriented economy.[18]

    The GBA development strategy assigns specific roles to its four core cities based on their comparative advantages: Hong Kong will focus on enhancing its status as an international financial and logistics hub; Macau will develop as a center for tourism, leisure, cultural exchange, and trade with Portuguese-speaking countries; Guangzhou will serve as a commercial, transportation, and educational center; and Shenzhen will prioritize innovation. Collectively, these specializations aim to transform the GBA into a globally competitive city cluster.[32] The plan also supports the Hong Kong's development as a global offshore renminbi center, an international asset and risk management hub, and a regional center for legal and dispute resolution services.[33]

    Urbanization

    With the rising economic importance, the GBA also underwent unprecedented urban growth over the past three decades. The total urban areas have expanded from 652.74 km2 (252.02 sq mi) in 1986 to 8,137.09 km2 (3,141.75 sq mi) in 2017 (approximately 13 times), at an 8.28% average annual growth rate.[34]

    The area faces several challenges in implementing urban development solutions, including worsening air pollution, limited cross-border mobility, and constraints on the capital flow, information, and data.[35] A study by Wang et al. projected that urbanization and climate change will lead to an 8.87% increase in the exposure duration of dangerous discomfort (Humidex equal to/above 45) for GBA residents by 2030.[36]

    Healthcare industry

    The Greater Bay Area is a leading hub for medical device production and innovation in China. In 2019, the region's medical device industry generated an output value of US$18.51 billion, representing 16.67% of the national total—the highest among all regions. It hosts several innovation platforms, including high-performance medical device centers, which support industrial development. Under the National Medical Products Administration's "Special Approval Procedure for Innovative Medical Devices", launched in 2014, 44 out of 265 approved innovative medical devices as of June 2020 originated from companies in the Greater Bay Area, accounting for 19% of selected domestic products.[37]

    GBA Development of the International Center for Innovation and Technology (“I&T”)

    The Government is stepping up its efforts to develop innovation and technology in eight major areas, including: increasing resources for research and development (R&D); pooling scientific and technological talents; providing investment funds; providing scientific research infrastructure; reviewing existing laws and regulations; opening up government data; strengthening procurement arrangements; and enhancing science education. To date, the Government has invested over $100 billion.

    Education

    GBA is home to numerous universities with hospitals and academic centres. The university town located on the Xiaoguwei Island in Guangzhou is considered as one of the “ten cores” of the “Science and Technology Innovation Corridor (STIC)”-blueprint for “China's Silicon Valley”.[38]

    Numerous highly rated medical schools operate in the region, including the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, a leading hospital with over 3,000 beds. Several world leaders in translational medicine are based in GBA, such as the lung cancer authority Professor Yi-Long Wu (vice-president of the Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, and a director of Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute).[39]

    Overall, GBA has over 200 universities, producing many college and advanced degrees graduates — over 570,000 college students a year graduates alone in Guangzhou.[40] Within the GBA, Hong Kong hosts the highest density of top universities globally. Times Higher Education lists as the Top 5 of them the University of Hong Kong (ranked place 39 worldwide in 2021), the Chinese University of Hong Kong (ranked 56 worldwide in 2021), the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (ranked 56 worldwide in 2021), the City University of Hong Kong (ranked 126 worldwide in 2021) and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (ranked 129 worldwide in 2021).[41]

    The government seeks to enhance innovation and technology collaboration. Efforts include opening Guangdong's R&D facilities to Hong Kong institutions, supporting participation in national technology programs, and promoting cross-border R&D initiatives. Key infrastructure such as the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Innovation and Technology Park, five Hong Kong R&D centres, the Hong Kong Science Park, Cyberport, and State Key Laboratories are involved. The policy also facilitates the exchange of talent, access to funding, and data sharing across regions, while offering immigration and administrative support to promote cross-boundary cooperation in science and technology.[42]

    Transportation

    GBA is rapidly evolving into the dynamic world-class city cluster connected with the modern transportation network featuring Huangpu Bridge, Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong High-speed Railway, Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZM Bridge), Nansha Bridge and Guangzhou-Shenzhen Intercity Railway.

    There are also massive ongoing infrastructure projects underway. Among them – construction of Guangzhou-Zhanjiang High-speed Railway, Gangzhou-Shenzhen Highspeed Railway and Guangzhou-Shanwei-Shantou High-speed Railway.

    In 2024, the completion of several infrastructure projects in the GBA region is set to improve connectivity further. The Shenzhen-Zhongshan Bridge, a key transportation link, is expected to open, dramatically cutting travel time across the Pearl River Delta.

    Further step in GBA's infrastructure development is establishment of airport clusters. Five main airports – Hong Kong International Airport, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, Macau International Airport and Zhuhai Jinwan Airport—as well as a group of feeder airports, will constitute a cluster that will be developed in two phases.[43]

    Phase one, due for completion in 2025, will establish a Greater Bay Area airport conglomerate, with greater interaction between the facilities. Phase 2 aims to lift all the airports to a world-class level by 2035 with "safe, green, smart, human and synergetic qualities".[43]

    The Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL) connects to the national high-speed rail network, significantly shortening the travelling time between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Guangzhou and other cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, and reinforcing Hong Kong's position as a regional transportation hub. in the first six months of 2023, the Hong Kong section of the XRL recorded an average daily patronage of more than 40,000 passenger trips, with the highest number of passenger trips in a single day exceeding 90,000 passenger trips.[44]

    Bridges

    Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Bay Area Rail Transit Network in 2020

    Rail

    Urban rail transit (including metros, commuter and regional railways) is expanding very fast. Hong Kong MTR was the first, and its model has subsequently been applied to other networks in the region. The total length of all cities' metro lines is now 924.8 km (574.6 mi).

    Metro

    Regional and commuter railway

    Light rail and tram

    Intercity railway

    Air

    Government and politics

    Public administration

    Starting from May 30, 2019, Hong Kong and Macao residents can use the local self-service terminal system to handle the relevant government services in Nanhai District of Foshan City. Guangdong Province has also formally proposed to introduce a credit scoring system to cover Hong Kong and Macao in the next three years, with a view to sharing credit information in the Greater Bay Area and providing credit incentives and sanctions for enterprises in the region. There are also plans to promote information sharing between the Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao, and to strengthen police cooperation and exchanges to deal with security threats.

    Culture

    Being part of the Silk Road as well as Chinese international marine gates and trade hotspot for the last two thousand years, GBA has rich cultural and folk traditions, languages, and food. Among them, a distinct European ambience – the Cantonese culture with its center in Guangzhou, Macau, eastern Guangxi, and Hong Kong.

    There are many notable foods in Hong Kong, the most famous of which are pineapple oil, cart noodles, egg waffles and Hong Kong-style milk tea. A local's day usually starts with a bowl of fish ball noodles or wonton noodles and a cup of soy milk. Notable foods in Macao are egg tarts, Chicken cakes [zh] and pork jerky.

    Hong Kong and Macau also has its distinct local culture, largely based on Cantonese culture, but also heavily influenced by British and Portuguese colonisation over the past two centuries.

    The distinct feature of Cantonese culture is the Cantonese language and Cantonese cuisine. Cantonese language is the official spoken language in Hong Kong and Macau. In Guangdong and Guangxi, Mandarin Chinese is the official language taught in schools, but Cantonese is most frequently used in everyday life.[45]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ simplified Chinese: 粤港澳大湾区; traditional Chinese: 粵港澳大灣區; pinyin: Yuègǎngào dàwānqū; Jyutping: jyut6 gong2 ou3 daai6 waan1 keoi1, English: Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, Portuguese: Grande Área da Baía Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau

    References

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