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    Corporation for Public Broadcasting
    Company typePrivate, non-profit[1][2]
    Industry
    FoundedNovember 7, 1967; 57 years ago (1967-11-07)
    Headquarters
    Washington, D.C.
    ,
    U.S.
    Area served
    		United States
    Key people
    		Patricia Harrison (president & CEO)
    Revenue582,013,746 United States dollar (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
    Total assets330,483,332 United States dollar (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
    Number of employees
    		≈100 (2019)[3]
    Websitewww.cpb.org Edit this at Wikidata

    The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB; stylized as cpb) is an American publicly funded non-profit corporation, created in 1967 to promote and help support public broadcasting.[4] The corporation's mission is to ensure universal access to non-commercial, high-quality content and telecommunications services. It does so by distributing more than 70 percent of its funding to more than 1,400 locally owned public radio and television stations.[5]

    History

    The Corporation for Public Broadcasting was created on November 7, 1967, when U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. The new organization initially collaborated with the National Educational Television network (NET)—which would be replaced by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Ward Chamberlin Jr. was the first operating officer.[6] On March 27, 1968, it was registered as a nonprofit corporation in the District of Columbia.[7] In 1969, the CPB talked to private groups to start PBS, an entity intended by the CPB to circumvent controversies engendered by certain NET public affairs programs that aired in the late 1960s and engendered opposition by politically conservative public figures, potentially threatening the medium's future viability.[8]

    On February 26, 1970, the CPB formed National Public Radio (NPR), a network of public-radio stations that began operating the following year. Unlike PBS, NPR produces and distributes programming.[7] On May 31, 2002, the CPB, through special appropriation funding, helped public television stations making the transition to digital broadcasting; this was complete by 2009.[7]

    Funding

    The CPB's annual budget is composed almost entirely of an annual appropriation from Congress plus interest on those funds. Under the establishing law, no more than 5% of the appropriation may be used for administrative expenses. CPB allocates the funds to content development, community services, and other local station and system needs.[9]

    For fiscal year 2025, its appropriation was US$535 million, including $10 million in interest earned. The distribution of these funds was as follows:[10]

    • $267.83M for direct grants to local public television stations;
    • $96.78M for television programming grants;
    • $83.33M for direct grants to local public radio stations;
    • $28.63M for the Radio National Program Production and Acquisition
    • $9.58M for the Radio Program Fund
    • $32.10M for system support
    • $26.75M for administration

    Public broadcasting stations are funded by a combination of private donations from listeners and viewers, foundations and corporations. Funding for public television comes in roughly equal parts from government (at all levels) and the private sector.[11]

    Stations that receive CPB funds must meet certain requirements,[12] such as the maintenance or provision of open meetings, open financial records, a community advisory board, equal employment opportunity, and lists of donors and political activities.

    Board composition

    The CPB is governed by a nine-member board of directors selected by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate; they serve six-year terms, and are allowed to continue serving until the end of the calendar year that their term ends or until their successor is seated on the board.[13] Under the terms of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, the president cannot appoint persons of the same political party to more than five of the nine CPB board seats.[13]

    The Board of Directors governs the CPB, sets policy, and establishes programming priorities. The Board appoints the president and chief executive officer, who then names the other corporate officers.[14]

    Board members

    The current CPB board as of April 10, 2025:[14]

    Position Name Party Appointed by (year of confirmation) Took office Term expires
    Chair Ruby Calvert Republican Donald Trump (2018), Joe Biden (2022) May 24, 2018 January 31, 2028
    Vice chair Laura G. Ross Democratic Donald Trump (2018), Joe Biden (2022) May 24, 2018 January 31, 2028
    Member Elizabeth Sembler Republican George W. Bush (2008), Barack Obama (2014), Joe Biden (2022) October 2, 2008 January 31, 2026
    Member Thomas E. Rothman Democratic Joe Biden (2022) February 3, 2022 January 31, 2026
    Member Diane Kaplan Democratic Joe Biden (2022) December 20, 2022 January 31, 2026
    Member Vacant
    Member Vacant
    Member Vacant
    Member Vacant

    Political concerns

    Objectivity and balance requirements

    The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 requires the CPB to operate with a "strict adherence to objectivity and balance in all programs or series of programs of a controversial nature".[13] It also requires it to regularly review national programming for objectivity and balance, and to report on "its efforts to address concerns about objectivity and balance".

    In 2004 and 2005, people from PBS and NPR complained that the CPB was starting to push a conservative agenda.[15][16] Board members replied that they were merely seeking balance.

    Kenneth Tomlinson, chair of the CPB board from September 2003 until September 2005, angered PBS and NPR supporters by unilaterally commissioning a conservative colleague to conduct a study of alleged bias in the PBS show NOW with Bill Moyers, and by appointing two conservatives as CPB Ombudsmen.[17] On November 3, 2005, Tomlinson resigned from the board, prompted by a report of his tenure by the CPB Inspector General, Kenneth Konz, requested by Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives. The report was made public on November 15. It states:

    We found evidence that the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) former Chairman violated statutory provisions and the Director's Code of Ethics by dealing directly with one of the creators of a new public affairs program during negotiations with the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and the CPB over creating the show. Our review also found evidence that suggests "political tests" were a major criteria [sic] used by the former Chairman in recruiting a President/Chief Executive Officer (CEO) for CPB, which violated statutory prohibitions against such practices.[18]

    Congressional defunding efforts

    The CPB has had its congressional funding threatened a number of times, mostly by Republicans who allege a left-wing bias in PBS. President Nixon was well known for his dislike of PBS and the CPB and wanted to kill the congressional funding for it.[19] In July 2023, the appropriations bill for FY 2024 included zero money for CPB when it passed out of the US House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies[20][21] However, the corresponding bill considered by the Senate Appropriations Committee plans to continue funding for the CPB, though at 7 percent less than what President Biden requested.[22]

    Second Trump administration

    Executive Order 14290

    This section is an excerpt from Executive Order 14290.[]

    Executive Order 14290, titled "Ending Taxpayer Subsidization of Biased Media", is an executive order signed by U.S. president Donald Trump on May 1, 2025 to end federal funding for NPR (a radio network) and PBS (a television network) by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and by federal agencies, alleging biased news coverage in violation of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 (PBA) and that public funding for news programming was "not only outdated and unnecessary but corrosive to the appearance of journalistic independence" in the current U.S. media market.[23][24][25]

    CPB, PBS, and NPR executives issued press releases arguing that the executive order was unlawful under the PBA and that the organizations would explore how to continue providing programming while challenging the order.[26][24][27] On May 27, NPR and three public radio stations sued the Trump administration for ending their federal funding, citing it as a violation of the First Amendment.[28][29][30] On May 30, PBS sued the Trump administration for ending their federal funding.[31][32][33]

    CPB v. Trump

    Before the executive order was issued, the CPB filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration on April 28 after Trump attempted to fire three of the five members of the CPB's board of directors.[34][35] On June 8, District of Columbia U.S. District Court Judge Randolph Moss ruled against a preliminary injunction requested by the CPB in its lawsuit against the director removals since the CPB changed its by-laws afterward under the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act to prevent any authority, including the President of the United States, from removing a director without a two-thirds vote of the other directors, which allowed for the removed directors to be reinstated.[36][37][38]

    Rescission bill

    On June 3, Trump filed a rescission bill that included the congressional appropriation for the CPB.[39][a] Before the rescission bill filing, PBS CEO Paula Kerger, NPR CEO Katherine Maher, and the CEO of Alaska Public Media testified on March 26 before the House Oversight Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency about the CPB appropriation, the journalistic standards and alleged bias of the organizations, and public broadcasting's educational programming and participation in emergency alert systems in rural areas.[43][44][45] While Politico reported on June 9 that at least 10 members of the House Republican Conference had privately expressed opposition to the rescission bill,[46][47] the House of Representatives passed the bill on June 12 along party lines by a vote of 214 to 212.[53]

    Critics of the rescission bill, such as Nevada U.S. Representative Mark Amodei and New York U.S. Representative Dan Goldman, have noted that the CPB appropriation amounts to less than 0.01% of the U.S. federal budget.[54] Polls conducted by YouGov from 2022 through 2025 have shown PBS and NPR to be among the most trusted media institutions in the United States and that trust in PBS and NPR was growing,[47][59] while surveys conducted by YouGov and the Pew Research Center in 2025 found that 43% to 53% of Americans supported continuing federal funding for PBS and NPR, 24% to 30% supported ending federal funding, and 17% to 33% were undecided.[60][61][62] Previously, in every year from 2004 through 2021, surveys of Americans had shown PBS to have been consistently ranked as the most trusted institution in comparison to commercial broadcast and cable television, newspapers, and streaming services, and in January 2021, Americans valued tax dollars spent on PBS behind only military defense and oversight of food and drug safety.[63] Under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, the congressional declaration of policy stated that it was in the public interest for the CPB to facilitate the development of educational, cultural, and other programming not provided by commercial broadcasters, and programming for audiences that were unserved or underserved by commercial broadcasters.[69]

    In 2021, the Office of Economics and Analytics of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a working paper that found that the market size of designated market areas (DMA) as measured by the total number of television households was the key factor that effected the number of independent commercial television stations with local news operations in the DMA.[70] The 38 to 51 largest DMAs, which had at least 615,000 to 800,000 television households and comprised 61% to 69% of U.S. television households in total, could sustain four or more independent stations while a DMA needed at least 35,000 to 70,000 television households to be able to sustain two independent stations.[71] However, the working paper also found that in some markets that there was a trade-off between local programming and viewpoint diversity (as measured by the total number of independent stations),[72] and that despite rising revenue from 2010 to 2018 due to rising retransmission consent fees, the number of local television stations that originated news fell by 5%.[73] A 2021 Pew Research Center survey found that the percentage of American adults that reported having a cable television or satellite television subscription fell from 76% in 2015 to 56% in 2021.[74]

    In 2011, the FCC issued a report that concluded that growth in the number of media outlets in the United States from satellite radio and television, cable television, and the internet had not offset reductions in local news reporting with public interest, civics, or investigative journalism coverage caused by the decline of newspapers and local news in radio broadcasting.[75] While local television stations were broadcasting a greater total number of news hours and had become some of the largest providers of local news online, most coverage was of crime and courthouses, accidents and disasters, and human interest topics while the depth and quantity of public interest, civics, and investigative journalism coverage declined, and broadcast and internet media remained heavily reliant on reporting from the declining number of newspapers about the latter topics.[76][77] Also, only 23 states and the District of Columbia had a state public affairs network modeled after C-SPAN that was carried on cable television, and such networks were not covered under the FCC must-carry rules.[78][b] In 2023, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report that found that local public interest journalism is at risk of market failure,[80] and that the FCC has no regulations or guidelines for broadcasters that define what constitutes public interest programming and allows broadcasters wide discretion in determining how to fulfill their public interest obligations under the Communications Act of 1934.[81][c]

    Conversely, the 2011 FCC report noted that two-fifths of public radio listening hours was for news, 185 NPR member stations used an all-news format (with another 480 featuring news as part of mixed programming format), the number of NPR member stations featuring local news had increased to 681 in 2009, and that one-third of all NPR programming was locally produced.[84][d] A 2017 Congressional Research Service (CRS) report noted that 90 percent of public radio stations provided local newscasts with about half carrying local news on weekends.[86] While weekly listenership for NPR member stations fell from 2017 to 2022, weekly listenership for radio in general fell during the same time period.[87] While the 2011 FCC report noted that the news and public affairs programming of public television was mostly national programming, PBS programming was noted to provide greater in-depth coverage and journalistic documentaries than commercial television.[88][e] When surveyed by the GAO in reports released in 2004 and 2007, majorities of public television licensees expressed the view that they did not produce enough local programming to serve the needs of their communities due to a lack of funds and that cutting the CPB appropriation would lead to a reduction in local programming.[90][91] The 2011 FCC report also noted that NPR had 17 international bureaus and a greater number of foreign correspondents than NBC, CBS, Fox News, or MSNBC.[84]

    Also, the 2011 FCC report noted that children's programming on cable television was dominated by entertainment programming while educational programming for children remained chiefly provided by public television,[92] and the 2007 GAO report and a 2025 CRS report found that public broadcasting stations in smaller and rural media markets had a greater dependence on federal funding.[93][94] In 2023, rural stations received 45% of the CPB appropriation, while CPB grants accounted for at least 25% of station revenue for at least half of rural stations and more than 50% of revenue for some stations.[95][96] In 2024, the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University released a report on news deserts that found that 55 million Americans lived in 1,767 counties with one or no local news organizations reporting stories about the county, and news desert counties were found to have smaller populations, were less densely populated, had lower median household incomes, lower rates of educational attainment, a higher median population age, and higher poverty rates.[97][98] Also, the 2004 and 2007 GAO reports noted that public television stations participated in the Emergency Alert System (which includes Amber alerts) and the pilot program for the Digital Emergency Alert System,[99][100] while a 2025 CRS report noted that the CPB is the sole eligible recipient of funding through the Next Generation Warning System Grant Program within the Integrated Public Alert and Warning System.[101]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ While the Government Accountability Office issued a legal opinion in 2018 that concluded that the Impoundment Control Act of 1974 under a 1987 amendment does not permit the use of a rescission bill to clawback funds within 45 days of continuous congressional session before the end of the fiscal year for which they were appropriated,[40] the Office of Management and Budget has asserted in response that the President does have the authority to file such pocket rescissions.[41][42]
    2. ^ The 2011 FCC report noted that the CPB does not provide funding to state public affairs networks.[79]
    3. ^ While the FCC fairness doctrine established a requirement for broadcasters to present programming that covered controversial issues of public importance, the FCC repealed the doctrine in 1987 and the 2011 FCC report did not recommend its reinstatement.[82][83]
    4. ^ While NPR is authorized to produce programming for its member stations, NPR member stations retain ultimate editorial control over what NPR national programming they wish to broadcast.[85]
    5. ^ However, programming included in the PBS National Programming Service (NPS) is not produced by PBS itself but by its member stations, external production companies, and independent producers, and PBS member stations retain ultimate editorial control over which programming from the NPS they wish to broadcast and whether to subscribe to the NPS altogether.[89][85]

    References

    1. ^ CRS 2017a.
    2. ^ "About CPB". www.cpb.org. September 22, 2014. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
    3. ^ "Overview Fact Sheet" (PDF). cpb.org. December 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
    4. ^ 47 U.S.C. § 396
    5. ^ "CPB Financial Information". Archived from the original (web) on November 18, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
    6. ^ "Statement from Paula Kerger, President & CEO, PBS on Ward Chamberlin Jr". PBS. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
    7. ^ a b c "PBS Timeline". PBS. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
    8. ^ "Thematic Window: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting". PBS. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
    9. ^ "CPB Financial Information". cpd.org. January 15, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
    10. ^ "CPB Operating Budget". www.cpb.org. 2025. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
    11. ^ "CPB 2013 Annual Report". www.cpb.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
    12. ^ ernestosilva (October 14, 2015). "Communications Act Compliance". www.cpb.org. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
    13. ^ a b c "Public Broadcast Act of 1967 Subpart D — Corporation for Public Broadcasting". cpb.org. November 7, 1967. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
    14. ^ a b "Board of Directors". CPB.org. Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
    15. ^ NPR's On the Media interview with Tomlinson, May 6, 2005 Archived May 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
    16. ^ NPR's On the Media follow-up, July 15, 2005 Archived October 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
    17. ^ "CPB Memos Indicate Level of Monitoring". NPR.org. June 30, 2005. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
    18. ^ Corporation For Public Broadcasting, Office of Inspector General: Review of Alleged Actions Violating The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, as Amended, Report No. EPB503-602, November 2006 Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, page i
    19. ^ "Corporation for Public Broadcasting History". Lendio. 1996. ISSN 1557-0126. Wikidata Q122259942.
    20. ^ Julian Wyllie (July 14, 2023). "House subcommittee recommends zeroing out CPB funding for FY26". Current. ISSN 0739-991X. Wikidata Q122260182.
    21. ^ David Lee (July 21, 2023), Proposed House Appropriations bill eliminates federal funding for public media, Wikidata Q122260308
    22. ^ George Winslow (July 27, 2023). "APTS, CPB Commend Senate Funding Recommendations for Public Broadcasting". TV Tech. ISSN 0887-1701. Wikidata Q122260508.
    23. ^ Mascaro, Lisa (May 2, 2025). "Trump signs executive order directing federal funding cuts to PBS and NPR". Associated Press News. Washington. Archived from the original on May 2, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
    24. ^ a b Smith, Patrick; Grumbach, Gary (May 2, 2025). "Trump signs executive order to stop federal funding for NPR and PBS". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 2, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
    25. ^ Kerr, Dara; Campbell, Lucy; Chao-Fong, Léonie; and Ambrose, Tom (May 3, 2025). "Trump order targeting law firm struck down; supreme court asked to allow Musk's Doge access to social security data – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 3, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
    26. ^ Benn Jr., Juan (May 2, 2025). "Public media executives push back against Trump targeting NPR and PBS: 'Blatantly unlawful'". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on May 2, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
    27. ^ Stelter, Brian; Voytek, Clay (May 2, 2025). "President Trump signs order seeking to end federal funding for NPR and PBS". CNN. Archived from the original on May 2, 2025. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
    28. ^ Breuninger, Kevin (May 27, 2025). "NPR sues Trump over executive order cutting federal funding". NBC News. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
    29. ^ Gedeon, Joseph (May 27, 2025). "NPR sues Trump administration over funding cuts it says violate first amendment". The Guardian. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
    30. ^ "NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO, INC. v. TRUMP (1:25-cv-01674)". Court Listener. May 27, 2025. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
    31. ^ Mullin, Benjamin (May 30, 2025). "PBS Sues Trump Over Order to Cut Funding". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
    32. ^ Breuninger, Kevin; Rizzo, Lillian (May 30, 2025). "PBS sues Trump over executive order to cut funding". CNBC. Retrieved May 31, 2025.
    33. ^ "PUBLIC BROADCASTING SERVICE v. DONALD J. TRUMP (1:25-cv-01722)". CourtListener. May 30, 2025. Retrieved May 30, 2025.
    34. ^ Shepardson, David (April 29, 2025). "Corporation for Public Broadcasting sues to block Trump from firing 3 board members". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved May 2, 2025.
    35. ^ Case docket for Corporation for Public Broadcasting v. Trump, 1:25-cv-01305, (D.D.C.) at CourtListener
    36. ^ Fortinsky, Sarah (June 8, 2025). "Judge declines to block Trump's Corporation for Public Broadcasting firings but allows board members to stay". The Hill. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved June 9, 2025.
    37. ^ Stempel, Jonathan (June 9, 2025). "Corporation for Public Broadcasting can keep board members despite judge's ruling". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved June 9, 2025.
    38. ^ Johnson, Ted (June 8, 2025). "Judge Denies Corporation For Public Broadcasting's Motion In Trump Case, But Ruling Still Allows For Three Board Members To Remain — Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved June 10, 2025.
    39. ^ Stelter, Brian; Reilly, Liam (June 3, 2025). "Trump asked Congress to claw back funding for PBS and NPR. What now?". CNN. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
    40. ^ Armstrong, Thomas H. (December 10, 2018). Impoundment Control Act—Withholding of Funds through Their Date of Expiration (PDF) (Report). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
    41. ^ Tully-McManus, Katherine; Hill, Meredith Lee (June 10, 2025). "Senior House Republican sends warning to White House on funding clawbacks". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
    42. ^ Saturno, James V. (February 25, 2025). The Impoundment Control Act of 1974: Background and Congressional Consideration of Rescissions (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. pp. 5–6. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
    43. ^ Zahn, Max; Ibssa, Lalee (March 26, 2025). "Republicans accuse NPR, PBS of bias at House hearing; Democrats rebuke it as a partisan attack". ABC News. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
    44. ^ "NPR and PBS Executives Testify Before House DOGE Subcommittee". C-SPAN. March 26, 2025. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
    45. ^ Anti-American Airwaves: Holding the Heads of NPR and PBS Accountable – Hearing Before the Oversight Subcommittee on Delivering on Government Efficiency of the United States House of Representatives One Hundred Nineteenth Congress First Session (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. March 26, 2025. 119–14. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
    46. ^ Guggenheim, Benjamin; McCarthy, Mia; Kashinsky, Lisa (June 9, 2025). "Mike Crapo's megabill Mission: Impossible". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
    47. ^ a b Johnson, Ted (June 9, 2025). "Why There Is So Much Worry In Public Media That Donald Trump Will Win Fight To Defund NPR, PBS And Local Stations". Yahoo News. Penske Media Corporation. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
    48. ^ Freking, Kevin (June 12, 2025). "House approves Trump's request to cut funding for NPR, PBS and foreign aid". Associated Press. Retrieved June 12, 2025.
    49. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (June 12, 2025). "House narrowly passes bill to claw back $1.1 billion from public media". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Mary Louise Kelly. NPR. Retrieved June 13, 2025.
    50. ^ "House Session, Part 2". C-SPAN. June 12, 2025. Retrieved June 13, 2025.
    51. ^ "House of Representatives" (PDF). Congressional Record. 171 (101). Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office: H2796 – H2808. June 12, 2025. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
    52. ^ "Roll Call – Bill Number: H.R. 4". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved June 13, 2025.
    53. ^ [48][49][50][51][52]
    54. ^ Folley, Aris (June 9, 2025). "Republican urges Trump to reconsider proposed broadcasting cuts". The Hill. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved June 11, 2025.
    55. ^ Sanders, Linley (April 5, 2022). "Trust in Media 2022: Where Americans get their news and who they trust for information". YouGov. Retrieved June 12, 2025.
    56. ^ Sanders, Linley (May 8, 2023). "Trust in Media 2023: What news outlets do Americans trust most for information?". YouGov. Retrieved June 12, 2025.
    57. ^ Orth, Taylor; Bialik, Carl (May 30, 2024). "Trust in Media 2024: Which news sources Americans trust — and which they think lean left or right". YouGov. Retrieved June 12, 2025.
    58. ^ Orth, Taylor; Bialik, Carl (May 30, 2025). "Trust in Media 2025: Which news sources Americans use and trust". YouGov. Retrieved June 12, 2025.
    59. ^ [55][56][57][58]
    60. ^ "YouGov Survey: Policy Support" (PDF). YouGov. February 14, 2025. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
    61. ^ Lipka, Michael; Matsa, Katerina Eva (March 26, 2025). "Americans more likely to support than oppose continuing federal funding for NPR and PBS". Pew Research Center. Retrieved June 12, 2025.
    62. ^ "YouGov Survey: Policy Support" (PDF). YouGov. April 25, 2025. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
    63. ^ "PBS and Member Stations Voted 'Most Trusted' Institution for 18 Consecutive Years". PBS. February 2, 2021. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
    64. ^ YLPR 1994, pp. 193–194, 226–229.
    65. ^ FCLJ 1994, pp. 498–501.
    66. ^ GAO 2004, p. 38.
    67. ^ GAO 2007, pp. 12–13, 18.
    68. ^ UPLR 2007, pp. 993–1000.
    69. ^ [64][65][66][67][68]
    70. ^ FCC 2021, p. 4.
    71. ^ FCC 2021, pp. 4, 20–21.
    72. ^ FCC 2021, pp. 1–4, 21.
    73. ^ FCC 2021, pp. 5–6.
    74. ^ Rainie, Lee (March 17, 2021). "Cable and satellite TV use has dropped dramatically in the U.S. since 2015". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
    75. ^ FCC 2011, pp. 5–70, 105–112, 116–145, 180–183, 188–191.
    76. ^ FCC 2011, pp. 56–57, 72–105, 113–114, 242–247, 340–343.
    77. ^ See also:
    78. ^ FCC 2011, pp. 170–179.
    79. ^ FCC 2011, p. 179.
    80. ^ GAO 2023, pp. 2–22, 41–44.
    81. ^ GAO 2023, pp. 71–75.
    82. ^ Ruane, Kathleen Ann (July 13, 2011). Fairness Doctrine: History and Constitutional Issues (PDF). Federation of American Scientists (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 22, 2025.
    83. ^ FCC 2011, pp. 25, 277–278.
    84. ^ a b FCC 2011, pp. 159–161.
    85. ^ a b CRS 2025, pp. i, 9.
    86. ^ CRS 2017a, pp. 7–8.
    87. ^ "For National Radio Day, key facts about radio listeners and the radio industry in the U.S." Pew Research Center. August 17, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
    88. ^ FCC 2011, pp. 157–159.
    89. ^ GAO 2007, pp. 15–16.
    90. ^ GAO 2004, pp. 45–48.
    91. ^ GAO 2007, pp. 34–35.
    92. ^ FCC 2011, pp. 155–157.
    93. ^ GAO 2007, pp. 28–32.
    94. ^ CRS 2025, p. 9.
    95. ^ Pellish, Aaron (June 12, 2025). "'Catastrophic': Rural public media stations brace for GOP cuts". Politico. Axel Springer SE. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
    96. ^ MacFarlane, Scott (June 12, 2025). "Planned PBS, NPR cuts would overwhelmingly hit outlets in states Trump won, report finds". CBS News. Retrieved June 15, 2025.
    97. ^ Hagen, Neena (December 3, 2024). "Amid growing 'news deserts' in the US, non-traditional media outlets are on the rise". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
    98. ^ Metzger, Zach (October 23, 2024). The State of Local News: The 2024 Report (Report). Medill School of Journalism. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
    99. ^ GAO 2004, pp. 8, 50.
    100. ^ GAO 2007, pp. 24–27.
    101. ^ CRS 2025, pp. 6–7.

    Works cited

    Further reading

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