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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.
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See also
- Category:Pages with Dutch IPA (4,446)
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Generally, the southern varieties preserve the /f/–/v/, /x/–/ɣ/ and /s/–/z/ contrasts.[1][2] Southern /x/, /ɣ/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal (ⓘ).[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge /x/ and /ɣ/ into a post-velar [x̠] (ⓘ) or uvular [χ] (ⓘ);[1][2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent /f/–/v/ contrast.[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, /s/ and /z/ are also not distinguished.[2] /zj/ [ʑ] often joins this neutralization by merging with /sj/ [ɕ]. In some accents, /ɦ/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
- ^ a b c d e /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant: before bilabials, it is [m] (merging with /m/), before labiodentals, it is [ɱ] (also merging with /m/, which is labiodental in this position), before palatals, it is [ɲ] (merging with /nj/), whereas before velars, it is [ŋ] (merging with /ŋ/). In phrases, /n/ alone is affected, as in in Parijs [ɪm paːˈrɛis] 'in Paris', whereas /m/ stays bilabial even before labiodentals (Booij (1999:64–5), Collins & Mees (2003:214–5)).
- ^ a b c Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [ˈbaːrdə(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as /baːrt/; and plural ribben /ˈrɪbə(n)/ ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦət ˈfeː]
- ^ a b The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as coronal rhotics [r~ɾ~r̝̊] or various post-velar continuants regrouped under the uvular trill [ʀ]. In the syllable coda, a velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] is very common in the Netherlands, e.g. Nederlanders ('Dutchmen') ⓘ.
- ^ The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ], or even a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (ⓘ) (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant [w].
- ^ a b c d e The alveolo-palatal affricates [tɕ] and [dʑ], the fricatives [ɕ] and [ʑ], and the nasal [ɲ] are allophones of the sequences /tj/, /dj/, /sj/, /zj/ and /nj/. [dʑ] and [ʑ] occur only in loanwords. [ɲ] also occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /tj/ (realized as [tɕ]).
- ^ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [ˈzɑɡduk].
- ^ The glottal stop [ʔ] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between [aː] and [ə] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels and before any word-initial vowel. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
- ^ After the schwa, the final /n/ is frequently elided, so that maken is often pronounced [ˈmaːkə], especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking /n/. An intrusive /n/ may also occur, as in the phrase red je 't? [ˈrɛtɕənət]. In stems ending in /ən/ (such as teken [ˈteːkən] 'I draw') and in the indefinite article een /ən/ the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional /ən/ is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in tekenen [ˈteːkənə(n)] 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between /l/ or /r/ and /m, p, k, f, x/ (in the case of /r/ alone also /n/) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence /rɣ/, so that morgen 'morning', pronounced [ˈmɔrɣə(n)] in Standard Dutch, is pronounced [ˈmɔrəɣə(n)].[3]
- ^ a b The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/, as well as the other vowels, can occur in both open and closed syllables.
- ^ a b c d For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs ⓘ, ⓘ and ⓘ, unless they precede /r/ within the same syllable.[4][5] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
- ^ a b c d e f Found in loanwords.
- ^ Mainly found in loanwords.
- ^ a b c Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before /r/ in both native and non-native words, just as other free vowels. Compare auditively ⓘ/ ⓘ, shear with ⓘ/ ⓘ skate
- ^ In Belgium, /ɔː/ tends to be pronounced the same as /oː/.
References
Citations
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
- ^ a b c d e Collins & Mees (2003), p. 48.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 201, 216–7.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–4.
Sources
- Booij, Geert (1999). The Phonology of Dutch. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823869-X.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7